Kim Garner, Executive Director of UC Merced Arts, expressed “this [production] will inspire people that have never thought … [f], According to the official record, read by the Archbishop of Canterbury during an assembly of lords and commons at Westminster Hall on Tuesday 30 September, Richard gave up his crown willingly and ratified his deposition citing as a reason his own unworthiness as a monarch. The king succumbed to blind rage, ordered his release from the Tower, called his cousin a traitor, demanded to see his wife and swore revenge throwing down his bonnet, while Henry refused to do anything without parliamentary approval. [13] The next day, Friday, 14 June, he set out by horse and met the rebels at Mile End. In the aptly named “Merciless Parliament” that followed, the Appellants purged the court. However, the plan failed because it included a requirement that the English king pay homage to the King of France – a condition that proved unacceptable to the English public. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [18] One of his first significant acts after the rebellion was to marry Anne of Bohemia, daughter of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, on 20 January 1382. Alexander and Binski, pp. [60] Warwick was also condemned to death, but his life was spared and his sentence reduced to life imprisonment. While probably not insane, as many historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed, he may have had a personality disorder, particularly manifesting itself towards the end of his reign. [126] Shakespeare's Richard was a cruel, vindictive and irresponsible king, who attained a semblance of greatness only after his fall from power. [99] The problem was solved by emphasising Henry's descent in a direct male line, whereas March's descent was through his grandmother, Philippa of Clarence. Ricardo II’s mission to advocate for the inclusion of cultures and ethnic backgrounds within the arts coincides with the UC Merced Arts mission. Nuñez worked as the primary translator for the production, creating sophisticated Spanish translations of Shakespeare’s original text from Richard II, in addition to producing Spanish and English subtitling translations for each episode. The tactless attempts the government made in the following year to enforce collection of the tax led to the outbreak of the Peasants’ Revolt. 5200 North Lake Rd. Richard's posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by William Shakespeare, whose play Richard II portrayed Richard's misrule and his deposition as responsible for the 15th-century Wars of the Roses. It delegated all parliamentary power to a committee of twelve lords and six commoners chosen from the king's friends, making Richard an absolute ruler unbound by the necessity of gathering a Parliament again. Rather than allowing Bolingbroke to succeed, Richard extended the term of his exile to life and expropriated his properties. Accordingly, in the 1390s he developed a program to strengthen the material foundations of his rule. [123] In 1394–95 he led a substantial force there to buttress the position of the English administration. [41] The three peers then joined forces with Gaunt's son Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Derby, and Thomas de Mowbray, Earl of Nottingham – the group known to history as the Lords Appellant. Omissions? [2] d. ^ This "appeal" – which would give its name to the Lords Appellant – was not an appeal in the modern sense of an application to a higher authority. Richard's father, Edward, Prince of Wales, died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III.Upon the death of Edward III, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne. [127], "Richard II" redirects here. After further military adventures, however, he contracted dysentery in Spain in 1370. [9], Whereas the poll tax of 1381 was the spark of the Peasants' Revolt, the root of the conflict lay in tensions between peasants and landowners precipitated by the economic and demographic consequences of the Black Death and subsequent outbreaks of the plague. Rutland, heir to the Duke of York, was created Duke of Aumale. In a novel initiative he built up a large baronial-style affinity, whose members wore the king’s badge of the white hart. Saul (1997), p. 90. [48] In particular, the execution of his former teacher Sir Simon de Burley was an insult not easily forgotten. [103], Contemporary writers, even those less sympathetic to the king, agreed that Richard was a "most beautiful king", though with a "face which was white, rounded and feminine", implying he lacked manliness. McKisack (1959), p. 476. Bolingbroke's father, John of Gaunt, was Edward's third son to survive to adulthood. [67] Richard left the country in May for another expedition in Ireland. [92] The king had taken most of his household knights and the loyal members of his nobility with him to Ireland, so Bolingbroke experienced little resistance as he moved south. It describes a meeting between Richard and Henry that took place one day before the parliament's session. [104] He was athletic and tall; when his tomb was opened in 1871 he was found to be six feet (1.82 m) tall. Despenser, the great-grandson of Hugh Despenser the Younger, Edward II's favourite who was executed for treason in 1326, was given the forfeited earldom of Gloucester. The highly assertive nature of his kingship revealed itself in his first expedition to Ireland. [27], Tensions came to a head over the approach to the war in France. The English lordships in Ireland were in danger of being overrun by the Gaelic Irish kingdoms, and the Anglo-Irish lords were pleading for the king to intervene. It was said that on solemn festivals Richard would sit on his throne in the royal hall for hours without speaking, and anyone on whom his eyes fell had to bow his knees to the king. Richard also sought to enhance the dignity and mystique of his monarchy. Taxes fell sharply following a truce with the French in 1389, and from 1389 to 1391 no demands for a tax on “moveable” property were made. Montacute had succeeded his uncle as Earl of Salisbury earlier the same year. A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis. [61] Richard then took his persecution of adversaries to the localities. [2] With Gaunt gone, the unofficial leadership of the growing dissent against the king and his courtiers passed to Buckingham – who had by now been created Duke of Gloucester – and Richard Fitzalan, 4th Earl of Arundel. The timing of these arrests and Richard's motivation are not entirely clear. He never fully recovered and had to return to England the next year. Meeting little resistance, he deposed Richard and had himself crowned king. For Shakespeare's play, see, 14th-century King of England and Duke of Aquitaine. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. A proposal put forward in 1393 would have greatly expanded the territory of Aquitaine possessed by the English Crown. According to contemporary sources, three kings – "the King of Castille, the King of Navarre and the King of Portugal" – were present at his birth. Join Facebook to connect with Ricardo II and others you may know. Professor of Medieval History, Royal Holloway, University of London, England. In medieval common law the appeal was criminal charge, often one of treason. De la Pole was replaced as chancellor and put on trial, and a commission of government was appointed to hold office for a year. [4] The Prince of Wales finally succumbed to his long illness in June 1376. [30] The relationship between Richard and his uncle John of Gaunt deteriorated further with military failure, and Gaunt left England to pursue his claim to the throne of Castile in 1386 amid rumours of a plot against his person. ^ It has been speculated that the whole incident surrounding the killing of Wat Tyler was in fact planned in advance by the council, in order to end the rebellion. [68], In 1398 Richard summoned the Parliament of Shrewsbury, which declared all the acts of the Merciless Parliament to be null and void, and announced that no restraint could legally be put on the king. Co-adaptor and translator Angel Nuñez is a recent graduate of UC Merced and Global Arts major. [11] Despite his young age, Richard had shown great courage and determination in his handling of the rebellion. [73] Richard rejected the approach his grandfather Edward III had taken to the nobility. [75] As for his policy of military retaining, this was later emulated by Edward IV and Henry VII, but Richard II's exclusive reliance on the county of Cheshire hurt his support from the rest of the country. Adaptations to the original Shakespearean text were vital to the success of creating a script that is equally half English, half Spanish. It is likely, though, that the events impressed upon him the dangers of disobedience and threats to royal authority, and helped shape the absolutist attitudes to kingship that would later prove fatal to his reign. Richard II, (born January 6, 1367, Bordeaux [France]—died February 1400, Pontefract, Yorkshire [now in West Yorkshire], England), king of England from 1377 to 1399. Richard's father, Edward, Prince of Wales, died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III. [100] When parliament met to discuss Richard's fate, John Trevor, Bishop of St Asaph, read thirty-three articles of deposition that were unanimously accepted by lords and commons. [64] Discord broke out in the inner circles of court in December 1397, when Bolingbroke[63] and Mowbray became embroiled in a quarrel. [56] The king had Gloucester, Arundel and Warwick arrested in July 1397. [26] The chronicler Thomas Walsingham suggested the relationship between the king and de Vere was of a homosexual nature, due to a resentment Walsingham had toward the king. It is documented in the royal collection from 1399 and accompanied Blanche, daughter of Henry IV, to her Bavarian marriage. [58] Arundel was the first of the three to be brought to trial, at the parliament of September 1397. In the wake of Lancaster’s departure for Spain in July with a large fleet to pursue his claim to the Castilian throne, the French planned an invasion of England. [74] In Richard's view, this put a dangerous amount of power in the hands of the baronage. [101] Although averted, the plot highlighted the danger of allowing Richard to live. For one, the absence of war was meant to reduce the burden of taxation, and so help Richard's popularity with the Commons in parliament. Meeting with Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, who had his own misgivings about the king, Bolingbroke insisted that his only object was to regain his own patrimony. Pakistan is a member of the British Commonwealth. There are 100+ professionals named "Ricardo Ii", who use LinkedIn to exchange information, ideas, and opportunities. 202–3 and 506. Updates? [b] Walworth meanwhile gathered a force to surround the peasant army, but the king granted clemency and allowed the rebels to disperse and return to their homes. [77], As part of Richard's programme of asserting his authority, he also tried to cultivate the royal image. [39], On his return to London, the king was confronted by Gloucester, Arundel and Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick, who brought an appeal[d] of treason against de la Pole, de Vere, Tresilian, and two other loyalists: the mayor of London, Nicholas Brembre, and Alexander Neville, the Archbishop of York. Richard was the younger and only surviving son of Edward, the Black Prince, and his wife, Joan of Kent. On arrival, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 1 September. [7] Instead, the king was nominally to exercise kingship with the help of a series of "continual councils", from which Gaunt was excluded. [2] At the parliament of October that year, Michael de la Pole – in his capacity of chancellor – requested taxation of an unprecedented level for the defence of the realm. Henry Bollingbroke (Greg Ruelas) bows to King Ricardo (Alejandro Gutierrez) as a gesture of respect. [16] The situation became tense once the rebels realised what had happened, but the king acted with calm resolve and, saying "I am your captain, follow me! As the time for the trial drew near, Nottingham brought news that Gloucester was dead. The king's men grew restive, an altercation broke out, and William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London, pulled Tyler down from his horse and killed him. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury, who was also Lord Chancellor, and Lord High Treasurer Robert Hales were both killed by the rebels,[10] who were demanding the complete abolition of serfdom. Here Richard himself had prepared an elaborate tomb, where the remains of his wife Anne were already entombed. [3] His elder brother, Edward of Angoulême, died near his sixth birthday in 1371. In letters of submission made for the penitent chieftains, Richard articulated his political vision. [83] The rebuilding had been begun by Henry III in 1245, but had by Richard's time been dormant for over a century. [20] Furthermore, the marriage was childless. [51] As part of the truce, Richard agreed to marry Isabella, daughter of Charles VI of France, when she came of age. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-II-king-of-England, University of London - Richard II's life and reign, The Home of the Royal Family - Biography of Richard II, Richard II - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Richard II - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). 20–24. Meanwhile, in 1413, Henry V – in an effort both to atone for his father's act of murder and to silence the rumours of Richard's survival – had decided to have the body at King's Langley moved to its final resting place in Westminster Abbey. At the same time, he published a manifesto promising better governance and an easing of the burden of taxation. In 1385, the king himself led a punitive expedition to the north,[28] but the effort came to nothing, and the army had to return without ever engaging the Scots in battle. [2], Richard gradually re-established royal authority in the months after the deliberations of the Merciless Parliament. Previously he had concentrated favour on just a few, but he now rewarded a wider circle, though each in smaller measure. [37] By installing de Vere as Justice of Chester, he began the work of creating a loyal military power base in Cheshire. The show’s cast is composed of amateur and seasoned actors from surrounding Central Valley cities, UC Merced undergraduates, and university faculty. f. ^ Though it had become established tradition for earldoms to descend in the male line, there was no such tradition for royal succession in England. During Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of regency councils, influenced by Richard's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock. [75] At the same time, he developed his own private military retinue, larger than that of any English king before him, and gave them livery badges with his White Hart. This adaptation will resonate with faculty, students, and staff in away that traditional Shakespearean theater could not have. [42], Richard now had no choice but to comply with the appellants' demands; Brembre and Tresilian were condemned and executed, while de Vere and de la Pole – who had by now also left the country[41] – were sentenced to death in absentia at the Merciless Parliament in February 1388. 134–135. c. ^ While both England and the Empire supported Pope Urban VI in Rome, the French sided with the Avignon Papacy of Clement VII. It is still in Munich. The Life and Death of King Richard the Second, commonly called Richard II, is a history play by William Shakespeare believed to have been written in approximately 1595. England then faced various problems, most notably the Hundred Years' War. After a heated quarrel with the king, he was condemned and executed. [91] Men from all over the country soon rallied around him. Telephone: (209) 228-4400. At a council meeting at Westminster on May 3, 1389, Richard formally resumed responsibility for government. [115], Richard's mental state has been a major issue of historical debate since the first academic historians started treating the subject in the 19th century. A complaint in parliament claimed that he had been "raised from low estate to the rank of earl"; Saul (1997), p. 118. [e] With the forfeited lands of the convicted appellants, the king could reward these men with lands suited to their new ranks. [1], Richard was born at the Archbishop's Palace, Bordeaux, in the English principality of Aquitaine, on 6 January 1367. By 1385 Richard’s relations with the higher nobility were quickly deteriorating. Author of. At the same time, he attracted to the central offices of government a corps of hard-working ministers deeply committed to his cause, notably John Waltham, the treasurer (1391–95), and Edmund Stafford, the chancellor (1396–99). [108] He was particularly devoted to the cult of Edward the Confessor, and around 1395 he had his own coat of arms impaled with the mythical arms of the Confessor. Alexander and Binski, pp. [22] De la Pole came from an upstart merchant family. [2], The period that historians refer to as the "tyranny" of Richard II began towards the end of the 1390s. The king’s early years were overshadowed by the Hundred Years’ War, a prolonged struggle with France. [84], The court's patronage of literature is especially important, because this was the period in which the English language took shape as a literary language. Alejandro Gutierrez, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at UC Merced, makes his acting and on-screen debut as King Ricardo. Despite great sums of money awarded to the Empire, the political alliance never resulted in any military victories. "[121], a. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. [21], Michael de la Pole had been instrumental in the marriage negotiations;[2] he had the king's confidence and gradually became more involved at court and in government as Richard came of age. [122] As Simon Walker concludes: "What he sought was, in contemporary terms, neither unjustified nor unattainable; it was the manner of his seeking that betrayed him. [62] A parliamentary committee decided that the two should settle the matter by battle, but at the last moment Richard exiled the two dukes instead: Mowbray for life, Bolingbroke for ten years. [19] It had diplomatic significance; in the division of Europe caused by the Western Schism, Bohemia and the Empire were seen as potential allies against France in the ongoing Hundred Years' War. In November 1380 Parliament granted permission to impose the tax for the third time at a flat rate much higher than before. [36], Richard was deeply perturbed by this affront to his royal prerogative, and from February to November 1387 went on a "gyration" (tour) of the country to muster support for his cause. Richard II (6 January 1367 – c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. While the court party preferred negotiations, Gaunt and Buckingham urged a large-scale campaign to protect English possessions. This all changed when it was revealed that the earls of Huntingdon, Kent, and Salisbury and Lord Despenser, and possibly also the Earl of Rutland – all now demoted from the ranks they had been given by Richard – were planning to murder the new king and restore Richard in the Epiphany Rising. [89], In June 1399, Louis I, Duke of Orléans, gained control of the court of the insane Charles VI of France. [44] The appellants had now succeeded completely in breaking up the circle of favourites around the king. [6] Again, fears of John of Gaunt's ambitions influenced political decisions, and a regency led by the king's uncles was avoided. (1987). By the following spring, however, the Appellant tide had subsided. Alexander and Binski, pp. [31] Rather than consenting, the parliament responded by refusing to consider any request until the chancellor was removed. [114] Some recent historians prefer to look at the Wars of the Roses in isolation from the reign of Richard II. However, this promise was never fulfilled, as the cost of the royal retinue, the opulence of court and Richard's lavish patronage of his favourites proved as expensive as war had been, without offering commensurate benefits. Because his father died prematurely in 1376, Richard succeeded his grandfather Edward III as king in June 1377. [53] In the autumn of 1394, Richard left for Ireland, where he remained until May 1395. By 1383 his personal initiative showed in the choice of his friends and counselors, including two figures of particular importance—Sir Simon Burley, his former tutor, and Burley’s ally, Sir Michael de la Pole, chancellor from 1383. [106] While the Westminster Abbey portrait probably shows a good similarity of the king, the Wilton Diptych portrays him as significantly younger than he was at the time; it must be assumed that he had a beard by this point. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. [52], Although Richard sought peace with France, he took a different approach to the situation in Ireland.
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