[172], The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Each pride has a well-defined territory consisting of a core area that is strictly defended against intruding lions and a fringe area where some overlap is tolerated. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. [116] They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Helping humans learn how to live with lions is key to ensuring their survival. [2], Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. The lion has been depicted as "king of the jungle" and "king of beasts", and thus became a popular symbol for royalty and stateliness. A male cub was traded for other animals in August 2013 and now lives at the Hodonin Zoo in the Czech Republic.[6]. [216], Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal pastime; intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest. 186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa, This page was last edited on 11 October 2020, at 01:17. Adult males that are fortunate enough to achieve residency within a pride hold tenure for an average of two years, often leaving due to eviction by another coalition of males. Lions have a devised a system of living in groups called prides that's based around related females. In 1979, three litters containing white lions were recorded in Kruger National Park. [263] The 1966 film Born Free features Elsa the lioness and is based on the 1960 non-fiction book with the same title. A lion protection and preservation sanctuary in New Zealand possess six male white lions and four female white lions. [103] In India, sambar deer and chital are the most commonly recorded wild prey,[48][103][104] while domestic livestock may contribute significantly to their diet. [226] Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the full moon, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people. Some critics maintain that white lions should not be introduced into the wild because of the inbreeding that has taken place in zoos and breeding camps. [88], Some lions are "nomads" that range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone. The group may consist of as few as 4 or as many as 37 members, but about 15 is the average size. [236] In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and is regarded as the link between seers and the supernatural. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust and black hairs. We're excited to welcome you back to the Zoo, and we've made a few changes. [47] Lions occur in savannah grasslands with scattered acacia trees, which serve as shade. It is usually more diurnal than other big cats, but when persecuted it adapts to being active at night and at twilight. Paris. Some prides have been known to use the same territory for decades, passing the area on between females. [91] Large kills are shared more widely among pride members. [137] Crocodiles may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. In times of shortage, they also catch and eat a variety of smaller animals, from rodents to reptiles. Lions have been observed killing crocodiles that ventured onto land. A pride is a group of lions that live together. ", "Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions (, "Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions", "Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions", "Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion, "Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana", "Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual", "Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna", "Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena (, "Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores", "To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa", "Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park", "Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers", "A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions (, "Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study", "An acoustic analysis of lion roars. [91], Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Now about a hundred lions roam the reserve. [22] As of 2020, there is currently only one surviving 19-year-old white lioness named Gracious. [183] In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been extirpated was filmed in the Alatash National Park, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border. [12] Four additional white lions were born in April 2011. Lion, (Panthera leo), large, powerfully built cat (family Felidae) that is second in size only to the tiger. [131] Cheetahs avoid their competitors by using different temporal and habitat niches. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on large ungulates. [25][26] The genetic marker determining the white colouration was identified in a collaborative study with 5 other countries in October 2013,[24] and is being used to ensure genetic integrity and ultimately to determine the frequency of occurrence of the gene in the wild population. [172] A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or flehmen response, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose closed eyes and relaxed ears. An anonymous buyer wanted both Mufasa and a female lion named Soraya, intending to protect both. [268], A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion, A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara, Four lionesses catching a cape buffalo in the Serengeti, Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park. Updates? Lions also steal kills from hyenas, leopards and other predators. They are associated with the Egyptian deity Sekhmet and date to the early Iron Age between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. [145], Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old. [30], This article is about the animal. The role trophy hunting plays is controversial. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around Kruger National Park and the adjacent Timbavati Private Game Reserve in eastern South Africa. [123] When confronted on a kill by lions, spotted hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (100–330 ft) until the lions have finished. Pafos Zoo, an Animal and Bird wildlife park in Cyprus, received two seven-month-old white lion cubs in 2011. [79] The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942 about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of Dezful,[80] although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the Karun river in Khūzestān Province in 1944. They become capable at hunting at the age of two and are fully grown after 5 or 6 years. [91][147] When first introduced to the rest of the pride, lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. [112] Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts[113] and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions have a prominent mane. [201] [133] Lions similarly dominate African wild dogs, taking their kills and preying on young and rarely adult dogs. The white lion is a rare color mutation of the lion, specifically the Southern African lion. They also kill prey by enclosing its mouth and nostrils in their jaws. There are a number of competing evolutionary explanations for why lions form groups. [73] The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around Gir National Park in Gujarat, western India. In Chobe National Park, large prides have been observed hunting African bush elephants up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with most of the victims being juveniles or subadults. [29][38][39] The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the Middle Pleistocene and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. In 2004, four white lions arrived at West Midland Safari Park, the only white lions in the United Kingdom. In 2018, Mufasa, a three-year-old, was in the process of being sold in South Africa after he was taken from an owner illegally keeping him as a pet. [114] The lion's attack is short and powerful; they attempt to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap. [78] In Greece, it was common as reported by Herodotus in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and extirpated by AD 100. Though a group of hunting lions is potentially nature’s most formidable predatory force on land, a high proportion of their hunts fail. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the Nile Basin during the early Holocene. Support our Giant Panda Program and help provide the best possible care for our little guy. Some of these models offer communities financial rewards when their local lion populations rise, while others pay farmers to replace their livestock that have been killed by lions. [65], Almost all male lions in Pendjari National Park are either maneless or have very short manes. The members of a pride spend days in several scattered groups that meet to hunt or share a meal. Female and male lions associate only when mating. Their coats are yellow-gold, and adult males have shaggy manes that range in color from blond to reddish-brown to black. [16], A couple of white lions named Zola and Zuri reside in the Sunway Lagoon's Wildlife Park since April 2015.[17]. Lions seize the kills of spotted hyenas; in the Ngorongoro crater it is common for lions to subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing the hyenas to increase their kill rate. Females raise the cubs and are the primary hunters, although males will sometimes join females during a hunt. Males entering a new pride will kill all cubs that cannot run from them. [217] In Ancient Rome, lions were kept by emperors for hunts as well as gladiator fights and executions. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. [9][10][11] It is alleged that the lions were given to British businessman Jim Clubb, who runs Amazing Animals, which also goes by the name Heythrop Zoological Gardens, in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. Intermittent bursts of activity continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. An isolated population of about 650 Asiatic lions constitute a slightly smaller race that lives under strict protection in India’s Gir National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting. Humans have taken over territories once belonging to lions and by forcing them to leave their natural home has further demolished their habitat and lifestyle, leaving them to suffer and destruct. [1] White lions in the area of Timbavati were thought to have been indigenous to the Timbavati region of South Africa for centuries, although the earliest recorded sighting in this region was in 1938. [213] In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of Oklahoma City Zoological Park placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors. [146] To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck. [215] The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The legendary white lion was once thought to be a figment of one's imagination until less than fifty years ago, when white lion cubs were discovered. [53][54][55][56] Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India. The proverbial “king of beasts,” the lion has been one of the best-known wild animals since earliest times. The infirmity theory, including tooth decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans. [207], The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called seraglios; at that time they came to be called menageries, an extension of the cabinet of curiosities. [175][176], The lion is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. White lions can therefore be selectively bred for zoos, animal shows and wildlife parks. The animal rights organization Lion Aid, Ltd., quoted Mr. Clubb as saying, first, "No comment," then, "I've no idea if the West Midland Safari Park knew they were going to the circus, that's a matter for them. [181] In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's Arly-Singou ecosystem. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation. Reduced pigment production decreases the deposition of pigment along the hair shaft, restricting it to the tips. [84], The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. [89] The sole exception to this pattern is the Tsavo lion pride that always has just one adult male. [56] Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around 5 1⁄2 months of age. The Smithsonian's National Zoo's lions eat ground beef, which is commercially produced to meet the nutritional needs of carnivores. [162], Captive lions have been infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) since at least the mid 1970s. Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a sister group with the jaguar (P. onca) that diverged 3.46 to 1.22 million years ago,[9] but also with the leopard (P. pardus) that diverged 3.1 to 1.95 million years ago[11][12] to 4.32 to 0.02 million years ago. [115], Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover. McBride, Chris "The White Lions of Timbavati" 1977 E. Stanton. [199] However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon. [120], Lions and spotted hyenas occupy a similar ecological niche and where they coexist they compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%. Pride males in scrub or wooded habitat spend less time with the females and hunt most of their own meals. ", "White lions, West Midland Safari Park and the Kinoshita Circus in Japan", Hear this adorable white lion cub test her voice, "White lion cub born in Belgrade Zoo died", "Park offers prizes for guessing birthday of cub", "Theme park introduces white lions to its Wildlife Park", "Rare white lions were born in Crimea | Animal Good News", "Toronto Zoo - Toronto Zoo - White Lions - New for 2012", "Move over panda cubs, we're cute, too, say Toronto Zoo white lion cubs", http://cincinnatizoo.org/animals/white-lion-2/, http://www.open-science-repository.com/review-of-the-article-effects-of-a-colour-variant-on-hunting-ability-the-white-lion-in-south-africa.html, https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/gazetted_notices/nemba_africanlion_managementplan_gn351g38706.pdf, "SA Proposed Biodiversity Management Plan to put lions at greater risk", West Midland Safari Park - Kingdom Of The White Lions, Volunteer Work with White Lions South Africa, Article regarding the reintroduction of White Lions, White Lions - History, Mythology and Genetics, Mutant Big Cats - Lions (with genealogy charts), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_lion&oldid=981611608, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, A white lion breeding program is currently underway at, In March 2017, an attempt to smuggle white lions from. Prides are family units that may comprise anywhere from two to 40 lionsâincluding up to to three or four males, a dozen or so females, and their young. [66] Maneless lions have also been reported in Senegal, in Sudan's Dinder National Park and in Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. Pride mates associate in sub-groups within the pride. Lions can run at speeds of up to 50 miles per hour. By becoming a member, you'll help the Zoo save species and get great benefits for you and your family each time you visit! [61] It starts growing when lions are about a year old. Roland (or Rowland), the male, and three lionesses (Marin, Natasha, and JoAnn; spellings undocumented) settled into the Kingdom of the White Lion exhibit at the park very well. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals. Adopt a lion to give the perfect gift to the conservationist in your life — even if that conservationist is you! [238] The founder of the Waalo kingdom is said to have been raised by lions and returned to his people part-lion to unite them using the knowledge he learned from the lions. [195] The establishment of a second, independent Asiatic lion population in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Madhya Pradesh was planned but in 2017, the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project seemed unlikely to be implemented. [182] In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's Mole National Park. [208] In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were kept at the Tower of London in a seraglio established by King John in the 13th century;[209][210] this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by Henry I at his hunting lodge in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, where according to William of Malmesbury lions had been stocked. The cubs consisted of one male and three females. [206] His two sisters, born in 1986, also reached the age of 22. White lions are not albinos, but leucistic. Lionesses living in open savanna do most of the hunting, whereas males typically appropriate their meals from the female’s kills. A lion pride consists of a few adult males, related females and cubs. Over 1.4 million Lions across the globe are stepping up to serve their communities during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. For other uses, see, At Rhino and Lion Nature Reserve, Kromdraai, Rustenburg Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, In the wild within their natural endemic range. [153][154], Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions. [184][185], In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. Omissions? They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes. [196][197], Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey. [7] Panthera is phonetically similar to the Sanskrit word पाण्डर pând-ara meaning 'pale yellow, whitish, white'. Genetically, the white lion is the same subspecies as the tawny South African lion (Panthera leo melanochaita), which is found in some wildlife reserves in South Africa, and in zoological parks around the world. However, they needed to be hand fed because their mother was not taking proper care of them. [20] In September 2015, four white lion cubs were born at the zoo.[21]. When a pride becomes too large, however, the youngest generation of female cubs may be forced to leave to find their own territory. Such measures contribute to mitigating human–lion conflict. [13] Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion specimens were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as valid in 2005. [239], The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient Mesopotamia from Sumer up to Assyrian and Babylonian times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. [129] Cheetahs in particular often lose their kills to lions or other predators. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Other benefits include possible kin selection; sharing food within the family; protecting the young, maintaining territory and individual insurance against injury and hunger. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. Many of these animals are faster than lions, so teamwork pays off. [219] During the European colonisation of Africa in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered as vermin and lion hides fetched £1 each. This coloration does not appear to pose a disadvantage to their survival. [41] Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females. [81] It once ranged from Sind and Punjab in Pakistan to Bengal and the Narmada River in central India. WildLink International in collaboration with Oxford University launched an ambitious International Barbary Lion Project with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Educational Activities You Can Do at Home, About the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Genomic Analysis Reveals Many Animal Species May Be Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Bringing the Zoo to You: March 2020 Edition, Keeping Up with the Great Cats: Lion Pride Edition, Female lions raise the cubs and are also the primary hunters. [21] Yun Sung Cho et al. Young males eventually leave and establish their own prides by taking over a group headed by another male.
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