Below are the numbers up to ten: So, next time you're up the fells and see a group of Herdys grazing, you can impress your fellow walkers with your knowledge of Cumbrian numerals! In the south, it is now very common. Online since 1997, as old as BBC.co.uk and older than Facebook and Twitter combined, this is the GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary. Barrow Kendall 'Forness Word Book', 1867; PDF version available at, The GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary (online since 1997), Low Nest Farm's webpage with many useful references, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumbrian_dialect&oldid=965672934, Articles needing additional references from May 2017, All articles needing additional references, Articles that may contain original research from May 2017, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 July 2020, at 18:38. Old Cumbrian is spoken by very few these days, so I Please only use the above form for submitting new words. The table below shows the variation of the numbers throughout Cumbria, as well as the relevant cognate in Welsh, Cornish and Breton, which are the three geographically closest British languages to Cumbric, for comparison. Cumbrian definition: of or relating to Cumbria or its inhabitants | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Whitehouse or Cap'n Senny's at kicking out time, and let's see if Around 1200 there is a list of the names of men living in the area of Peebles. (ed.) It's a favourite among fell walkers and climbers for an energy boost, so is kept in high supply in most of the Lake District towns. When certain vowels are followed by /l/, an epenthetic schwa [ə] is often pronounced between them, creating two distinct syllables: The pronunciation of moor and poor is a traditional feature of Received Pronunciation but is now associated with some old-fashioned speakers. Medially and, in some cases, finally it is [ɐː] as in Thorfinsty (a place) [ˈθɔːfɪnstɐː]. to use or not use words as we wish, including in the print and eBook editions. Admittedly, this dictionary blurs the distinction between Cumbrian The indefinite article used would be 'an'. the same wah" as a Cumbrian might say.). These people would have spoken Brythonic, which developed into Old Welsh, but around the 5th century AD, when Cumbria was the centre of the kingdom of Rheged, the language spoken in northern England and southern Scotland from Lancashire and Yorkshire to Strathclyde had developed into a dialect of Brythonic known as Cumbric (the scarcity of linguistic evidence, however, means that Cumbric's distinctness from Old Welsh is more deduced than proven). The Cumbrian dialect is admired all over the world and is the subject of years of historical research. Given that their material culture was very similar to their Gaelic and Anglian neighbours, it is arguable that what set them apart was still their language. (1843), Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis; Munimenta Ecclesie Metropolitane Glasguensis a Sede Restaurata Seculo Incunte Xii Ad Reformatam Religionem, i, Edinburgh: The Bannatyne Club, Jackson, K. H. (1956): Language and History in Early Britain, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Koch, John (ed), Celtic Culture: a historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2006, p. 516, Martin J. A Commodity of Good Names: essays in honour of Margaret Gelling, Shaun Tyas: Stamford, pp 187–203, Taylor, S. and Markus, G. (2006) The Place-names of Fife: West Fife between Leven and Forth: v.1, Hemon, R. & Everson, M. Some later poets include John Sewart (Rhymes in the Westmoreland Dialect, Settle, 1869) and Gwordie Greenup (the pseudonym of Stanley Martin), who published short collections in prose and verse during the 1860s and 1870s. Although yan is still widely used, wan is starting to creep into some sociolects of the area. Old Norse seems to have survived in Cumbria until fairly late. Example: "As fair brossen after all that scran! In the Middle Ages, much of Cumbria frequently swapped hands between England and Scotland but this had little effect on the language used. don't want to see new Cumbrian go the same way (or "gan And best of all it's ad free, so sign up now and start using at home or in the classroom. dialect also. Space Week falls at this calendar juncture because this first October week is bookended by two key dates. [5] In Medieval Latin, the English term Wales and the term Cumbri were Latinised respectively as Wallenses "of Wales" and Cumbrenses "of Cumbria". Although the language is long extinct, traces of its vocabulary arguably have persisted into the modern era in the form of "counting scores" and in a handful of dialectal words. and West-Cumbrian, among others, which are variants of the same dialect. *uɸo-sto[9]). Two of the saints – Oswald and Cuthbert — are from Northumbria showing influence on Cumbric not found in Welsh. This was followed by Songs and Poems, edited by Sidney Gilpin in 1866, in which Miss Gilpin's work also appeared. A far stronger influence on the modern dialect was Old Norse, spoken by Norwegian settlers who probably arrived in Cumbria in the 10th century via Ireland and the Isle of Man. The usual English usage was to call them Welsh. As a Cumbrian ex-pat I felt it was my duty to play my own part in keeping the Cumbrian The majority of Cumbrian place names are of Norse origin, including Ulverston from Ulfrs tun ('Ulfr's farmstead'), Kendal from Kent dalr ('valley of the River Kent') and Elterwater from eltr vatn ('swan lake'). But did you know that farmers have their own Cumbrian numerals to count their sheep? Some of these publications also incorporated the work of his precursors and a few other contemporaries, such as Ewan Clark and Mark Lonsdale. and Derwennydd[37] both occur in poems of supposed Cumbrian origin whose rhyme and metre would be disrupted if the ending were absent. Examples of such landowners are Dunegal (Dyfnwal), lord of Strathnith or Nithsdale;[39] Moryn (Morien), lord of Cardew and Cumdivock near Carlisle; and Eilifr (Eliffer), lord of Penrith.[33]. The name Calder (< Brit. The most well known Celtic element in Cumbrian dialect is the sheep counting numerals which are still used in various forms by shepherds throughout the area, and apparently for knitting. Nowadays, the dialect is in decline, but you might catch the odd word here and there on your visit. Check out Sally's Review of Lakeland's Breweries! This has led to a discussion about the nature of Cumbric and its relationship with other Brittonic languages, in particular with Old Welsh. ⟨h⟩ is realised in various ways throughout the county. Linguists appear undecided as to whether Cumbric should be considered a separate language, or a dialect of Old Welsh. Although written about 1735, they were not published until after the author’s death in A Miscellany of Poems (Wigton, 1747),[6] followed by two further editions in 1797 and 1805. There is also a significant number of place names which do not support this theory. The cluster remains in: Jackson notes that only in the north does the cluster appear in place names borrowed after circa 600AD and concludes that it may have been a later dialectal survival here. It's no secret that the Lake District is partial to a bit of rain now and then, but you'll have no need to be unprepared when it starts hoying it doon! The most recognisable is the lovely grey Herdwick breed, whose name is taken from the Norse 'herdvyck', meaning 'sheep pasture.' Many of the traditional dialect words are also remnants of Norse settlement, including beck (bekkr, 'stream'), laik (leik, 'to play'), lowp (hlaupa, 'to jump') and glisky (gliskr, 'shimmering'). It seems the elision of both ⟨h⟩ and ⟨t⟩ began in the industrial towns and slowly spread out. In the south, it is now very common. If the 1262 names from Peebles do contain traces of Cumbric personal names then we can imagine Cumbric dying out between 1250 and 1300 at the very latest. Despite the modern county being created only in 1974 from the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland and north Lancashire and parts of Yorkshire, Cumbria is an ancient land. Roy Palmer, ‘Wheeler , Agnes (bap. What seems to have lifted use of Cumbrian dialect from a passing curiosity to a demonstration of regional pride in the hands of labouring class poets was the vogue of Robert Burns, among whose disciples the calico worker Robert Anderson counted himself. "That yan owr there," or "Can I have yan of those?". Not to be confused with the Celtic Cumbric language The Cumbrian dialect is a local Northern English dialect spoken in Cumbria and surrounding northern England, not to be confused with the extinct Celtic language Cumbric that used to be spoken in Cumbria. As for the accent, this can vary from north to south, but listen out for dropped vowels and extra stress on some consonants. Most consonants are pronounced as they are in other parts of the English speaking world. The Northern subject rule may be attributable to Celtic Influence. is traditionally always pronounced as a voiceless alveolar plosive, although in many places it has been replaced by the glottal stop [ʔ] now common throughout Britain. As a Cumbrian ex-pat I felt it was my duty to play my own part in keeping the Cumbrian language alive. [46] The term Brets or Britons refers to the native, traditionally Cumbric speaking people of southern Scotland and northern England as well as the Pictish speakers in Northern Scotland. This page was last edited on 13 September 2020, at 04:51. James[28] mentions that devoicing appears to be a feature of many Cumbric place names. From moonshoot to balconing: discover the latest words added to the Collins Dictionary. Some later poets include John Sewart (Rhymes in the Westmoreland Dialect, Settle, 1869) and Gwordie Greenup (the pseudonym of Stanley Martin), who published short collections in prose and verse during the 1860s and 1870s. What is generally agreed upon by linguists is that Cumbric was a Western Brittonic language closely related to Welsh and, more distantly, to Cornish and Breton. Check out our guide to shopping in the Lake District. *Caletodubro-) in fact appears to show a voiced Cumbric consonant where Welsh has Calettwr by provection, which Jackson believes reflects an earlier stage of pronunciation. If you want to argue about it, get [2] It was closely related to Old Welsh and the other Brittonic languages. When it comes to local ales, you're spoiled for choice! A far stronger influence on the modern dialect was Old Norse, spoken by Norwegian settlers who probably arrived in Cumbria in the 10th century via Ireland and the Isle of Man. A more controversial point is the surname Wallace. ⟨t⟩ is traditionally always pronounced as a voiceless alveolar plosive, although in many places it has been replaced by the glottal stop [ʔ] now common throughout Britain. Cocker < Brittonic *kukro-,[18][clarification needed] Eccles < Brittonic eglēsia[9]). Old Norse seems to have survived in Cumbria until fairly late. No surprise there! Remnants of Brythonic and Cumbric are most often seen in place names, in elements such as caer 'fort' as in Carlisle, pen 'hill' as in Penrith and craig 'crag, rock' as in High Crag. In the mid-11th century, some landowners still bore what appear to be Cumbric names. James, A. G. (2008): 'A Cumbric Diaspora?' Medially and, in some cases, finally it is [ɐː] as in Thorfinsty (a place) [ˈθɔːfɪnstɐː]. You'll even find some words which are common to other In the nineteenth century miners from Cornwall and Wales began relocating to Cumbria to take advantage of the work offered by new iron ore, copper and wadd mines but whilst they seem to have affected some local accents (notably Barrow-in-Furness) they don't seem to have contributed much to the vocabulary. you can convince someone then... No Q in here. Female members of the gentry writing in dialect at this time included Susanna Blamire and her companion Catherine Gilpin. The Northern subject rule may be attributable to Celtic Influence. Create an account and sign in to access this FREE content. Last 10 years Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Missing U The modern Brittonic languages have different forms of the definite article: Welsh yr, -'r, y, Cornish an, and Breton an, ar, al. Th… Old Irish speakers called them "Britons", Bretnach, or Bretain. Barrow Kendall 'Forness Word Book', 1867; PDF version available at, The GonMad Cumbrian Dictionary (online since 1997), Low Nest Farm's webpage with many useful references, A bibliography of the dialect literature of Cumberland and Westmoreland. Like the sound of staying amongst the fresh air of the Lake District countryside? Among the evidence that Cumbric might have influenced local English dialects are a group of counting systems, or scores, recorded in various parts of northern England. Words such as 'larl' (little) and 'yam' (home) are still commonly used, as well as an occasional 'eh' to emphasise a point! Submitted by a number of Workington folk, most of whom claimed it yourself up to Whitehaven on Black-eye Friday, stand outside the Ball, James Fife (eds. A few exceptions follow: ⟨g⟩ and ⟨k⟩ have a tendency to be dropped or unreleased in the coda (word- or syllable-finally). Once Cumbrians had assimilated to speaking English, there were few further influences on the dialect. Why not use our online form to let us know what we're missing... One of our X is missing. The linguistic term Cumbric is defined according to geographical rather than linguistic criteria: that is, it refers to the variety of Brittonic spoken within a particular region of North Britain and implies nothing about that variety except that it was geographically distinct from other varieties. The following are possibilities: The linguistic term Cumbric is defined according to geographical rather than linguistic criteria: that is, it refers to the variety of Brittonic spoken within a particular region of North Britain[2] and implies nothing about that variety except that it was geographically distinct from other varieties. in Padel and Parsons (eds.) here for what people have said about GonMad's Cumbria pages. Before the 8th century AD Cumbria was annexed to English Northumbria and Old English began to be spoken in parts, although evidence suggests Cumbric survived in central regions in some form until the 11th century. Be assured that we View usage for: The whole question is made more complex because there is no consensus as to whether any principled distinction can be made between languages and dialects. (2002) Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru: Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru, Prescott, J. E. Another example is with the letter t where twenty is often pronounced twen'y (again an emphasis on the n could occur). There's no need to hire a translator though, all our friendly staff speak the Queen's English here at Sally's Cottages! [31] Watson[17] notes initial devoicing in Tinnis Castle (in Drumelzier) (compare Welsh dinas 'fortress, city') as an example of this, which can also be seen in the Cornish Tintagel, din 'fort'. If you want someone to see something on this page, tell them where to find it. It has been suggested that Cumbric was more closely aligned to the Pictish language[28] than to Welsh, though there is considerable debate regarding the classification of that language. Place name evidence suggests Cumbric may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and the Yorkshire Dales. Unstressed initial vowels are usually fully realised, whilst those in final syllables are usually reduced to schwa [ə]. Finally, in some parts of the county, there is a tendency to palatalize the consonant cluster in word-initial and medial position, thereby rendering it as something more closely approaching [tl]. Prior to being crowned king of Scotland in 1124, David I was invested with the title Prince of the Cumbrians. These people would have spoken Brythonic, which developed into Old Welsh, but around the 5th century AD, when Cumbria was the centre of the kingdom of Rheged, the language spoken in northern England and southern Scotland from Lancashire and Yorkshire to Strathclyde had developed into a dialect of Brythonic known as Cumbric (the scarcity of linguistic evidence, however, means that Cumbric's distinctness from Old Welsh is more deduced than proven). If you're feeling a bit full after a generous plate of Cumberland sausage, you may describe yourself as 'brossen' – fit to burst! Unlike the Lancashire dialect, where 'the' is abbreviated to 'th', in Cumbrian (as in Yorkshire) the sound is harder like the letter '?' Josiah Relph, whose imitations of Theocritan Pastorals self-consciously introduce the demotic for local colour. The Rev. The majority of evidence comes from place names of the north of England and the south of Scotland. There's plenty to choose from, including high-street shops as well as small independent shops for that unique gift. The earliest recordings of the dialect were in a book published by Agnes Wheeler in 1790. There are also some historical pointers to a continuing separate ethnic identity. NB: when these numerals were used for counting sheep, reputedly, the shepherd would count to fifteen or twenty and then move a small stone from one of his pockets to the other before beginning again, thus keeping score. The Cumberland dialect is a local Northern English dialect in decline, spoken in Cumberland, Westmorland and surrounding northern England, not to be confused with the area's extinct Celtic language, Cumbric. Devoke Water and Cumdivock (< Dyfoc, according to Ekwall) and Derwent (< Common Brittonic Derwentiō) all have initial /d/. [9] This contained work by all the poets mentioned already, with the addition of some songs by John Rayson that were later to be included in his Miscellaneous Poems and Ballads (London, 1858). Stress is usually placed on the initial syllable: yakeren acorn [ˈjakɜɾən]. been replaced by Gaelic or English equivalents and in some cases the different forms occur in the historical record. This can sometimes[3] occur in the onset as well in words such as finger. The most well known Celtic element in Cumbrian dialect is the sheep counting numerals which are still used in various forms by shepherds throughout the area, and apparently for knitting. (trans.) Many of the traditional dialect words are also remnants of Norse settlement, including beck (bekkr, 'stream'), laik (leik, 'to play'), lowp (hlaupa, 'to jump') and glisky (gliskr, 'shimmering'). Another anthology of regional writing, Sidney Gilpin’s The Songs and Ballads of Cumberland (London, 1866), collects together work in both standard English and dialect by all the poets mentioned so far, as well as Border Ballads, poems by William Wordsworth and family, and other verse of regional interest. If the poem dates to this time, it would have been written in an early form of Cumbric, the usual name for the Brythonic speech of the Hen Ogledd. may be consonantal [j] as in yam home [ˈjam]. At the time, Cumbria did not exist as a unit of local government; there were 12 sites within modern Cumbria spread across four different counties: There were several among the well-educated in the 18th century who used dialect in their poetry. Whilst clearly being a Northern English accent, it shares much vocabulary with Scots. would have been 'yandick, taendick', while sixteen and seventeen would have been 'yan-bumfit, tyan-bumfit' etc. Before the arrival of the Romans the area was the home of the Carvetii tribe, which was later assimilated to the larger Brigantes tribe. "The Glasgow Story – Early Times to 1560". Note: We would be grateful if you you could give us your name and You can also find out about the historical Cumbric at… The legal documents in the Lanercost Cartulary, dating from the late 12th century, show witnesses with Norman French or English names, and no obvious Cumbric names. Cumbric was a variety of the Common Brittonic language spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" in what is now Northern England and southern Lowland Scotland. Amaze your friends with your new-found knowledge! A Cumbrian Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore by William Rollinson exists, as well a more contemporary and lighthearted Cumbrian Dictionary and Phrase Book.[1]. The two most striking of these are around Lanercost east of Carlisle and around Torquhan south of Edinburgh. Her work in Cumbrian dialect was less well known and remained uncollected until the publication of The Muse of Cumberland in 1842. A more recent anthology, Oor mak o' toak: an anthology of Lakeland dialect poems, 1747-1946, was published from Carlisle in 1946 by the Lakeland Dialect Society.[10]. Jackson notes the legal term galnys, equivalent to Welsh galanas, may show syncope of internal syllables to be a feature of Cumbric. Although yan is still widely used, wan is starting to creep into some sociolects of the area. [2] Jackson also calls it a dialect but points out that "to call it Pr[imitive] W[elsh] would be inaccurate",[9] so clearly views it as distinct in some meaningful respect. The online version of the Collins Dictionary has just been updated again, with another batch of new words and meanings inspired by the events of the summer. These people would have spoken Brythonic, which developed into Old Welsh, but around the 5th century AD, when Cumbria was the centre of the kingdom of Rheged, the language spoken in northern England and s… Last 100 years For example, Ambleside literally translates as 'river-sandbank-summer-pasture', Wasdale refers to the 'valley of the water', and Bassenthwaite means 'baston’s clearing' in Norse. Unstressed initial vowels are usually fully realised, whilst those in final syllables are usually reduced to schwa [ə]. If you'd like to talk to us, we're here from 8.30am until 9pm every day (including Sundays) and we're always happy to help. ⟨y⟩ may be consonantal [j] as in yam home [ˈjam]. Although written about 1735, they were not published until after the author's death in A Miscellany of Poems (Wigton, 1747),[6] followed by two further editions in 1797 and 1805. (1913): A Welsh Grammar Historical and Comparative, Oxford: OUP, p192, Mackay, George (2002): Scottish Place Names, New Lanark: Lomond Books, Morris-Jones, J. Thanks. When certain vowels are followed by /l/, an epenthetic schwa [ə] is often pronounced between them, creating two distinct syllables: The pronunciation of moor and poor is a traditional feature of Received Pronunciation but is now associated with some old-fashioned speakers. The Cumbrian dialect is a local Northern English dialect in decline, spoken in Cumbria (including historic Cumberland and Westmorland) and surrounding northern England, not to be confused with the area's extinct Celtic language, Cumbric. William Wallace (known in Gaelic as Uilleam Breatnach – namely William the Briton or Welshman) came from the Renfrew area – itself a Cumbric name. forgotten, or forgotten to include, and even for some words which I had never heard ! A Cumbrian Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore by William Rollinson exists, as well as a more contemporary and lighthearted Cumbrian Dictionary and Phrase Book.[1]. Wallace slew the sheriff of Lanark (also a Cumbric name) in 1297. Whilst clearly being a Northern English accent, it shares much vocabulary with Scots. Her work was later used in Specimens of the Westmorland Dialect published by the Revd Thomas Clarke in 1887.[2]. Check out our authentic farm cottages! [9] Jackson concludes that the change of Common Brittonic *rk > /rx/ "may have been somewhat later in Cumbric".[9]. The prevailing view is that it became extinct in the 12th century, after the incorporation of the semi-independent Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland. One of the lasting characteristics still found in the local dialect of Cumbria today is an inclination to drop vowels, especially in relation to the word "the" which is frequently abbreviated. (1991) The Lanercost Cartulary, Carlisle: CWAAS, Chambers, W. (1864) A History of Peebleshire, Edinburgh: W & M Chambers, Prifysgol Cymru. [40] Also the castle at Castle Carrock – Castell Caerog – dates from around 1160–1170. 1734, d. 1804)', Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Wm. A more recent anthology, Oor mak o' toak: an anthology of Lakeland dialect poems, 1747-1946, was published from Carlisle in 1946 by the Lakeland Dialect Society.[10]. "That yan owr there," or "Can I have yan of those?". Watson, W. J. Don’t worry, though – you don’t need to be fluent in Cumbrian to navigate your way around the Lakes! [14] This involved syncope and the loss of final syllables. How do you say Cumbrian language? Miss Blamire had written songs in Scots that were set to music by Joseph Haydn. language alive. (2007): Breton Grammar, Cathair na Mart, Éire: Evertype: p79, Cornish Language Partnership (2007): 'A Proposed Standard Written Form of Cornish' available at, Phythian-Adams, Charles (1996): Land of the Cumbrians, Aldershot: Scolar Press, Morris-Jones, J. to be old Cumbrian. One such collection was Ballads in the Cumberland dialect, chiefly by R. Anderson (1808, second edition 1815, Wigton),[8] and a third from Carlisle in 1823. Forbes, A. P. (1874) Lives of St. Ninian and St. Kentigern: compiled in the twelfth century, Innes, Cosmo Nelson, (ed). I don't claim that Cumbrians invented these words, [21], There is evidence to the contrary, however, including the place names Powmaughan and Maughanby (containing Welsh Meirchion)[18] and the word kelchyn (related to Welsh cylch). At the time, Cumbria did not exist as a unit of local government; there were 12 sites within modern Cumbria spread across four different counties: There were several among the well-educated in the 18th century who used dialect in their poetry. [17] Amongst them are Cumbric names such as Gospatrick: servant or follower of Saint Patrick, Gosmungo: servant of Saint Mungo, Guososwald: servant of Oswald of Northumbria and Goscubrycht: servant of Cuthbert. [42] In 1262 in Peebles, jurymen in a legal dispute over peat cutting also have names which mostly appear Norman French or English,[43] but possible exceptions are Gauri Pluchan, Cokin Smith and Robert Gladhoc, where Gladhoc has the look of an adjective similar to Welsh "gwladog" = "countryman". Below, some of the proposed differences between Cumbric and Old Welsh are discussed. Female members of the gentry writing in dialect at this time included Susanna Blamire and her companion Catherine Gilpin. [13] Kenneth Jackson concludes that the majority of changes that transformed British into Primitive Welsh belong to the period from the middle of the fifth to the end of the sixth century. In the Middle Ages, much of Cumbria frequently swapped hands between England and Scotland but this had little effect on the language used. These are all taken to derive from an unstressed form of the Common Brittonic demonstrative *sindos, altered by assimilation (compare the Gaelic articles). What seems to have lifted use of Cumbrian dialect from a passing curiosity to a demonstration of regional pride in the hands of labouring class poets was the vogue of Robert Burns, among whose disciples the calico worker Robert Anderson counted himself.

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