Salazar also succeeded in using national pride to overwhelm localism and the bitter factionalism that had long troubled the nation before 1930. Most neutral observers believed that the candidate of the democratic opposition, Humberto Delgado, would have defeated the candidate of the Salazar regime, Américo Tomás, had the election been conducted fairly. [136] The outbreak of the colonial wars in Angola, Guinea and Mozambique – in March 1961, January 1963 and September 1964 respectively – exacerbated the divisions within the Catholic sector along progressive and traditionalist lines. Er war Staatsführer der autoritären Diktatur des sogenannten Estado Novo. ", For a critical look at the theory of lusotropicalism see for instance "Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth and the Reality" by Gerald J. Bender Where Bender, a Professor in the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles and a former member of the Board of Directors of the African Studies Association (U.S.A.) from 1979 to 1987, demolishes the theory of lusotropicalism, Norton de Matos, who had been governor-general of Angola during the First Republic, published a book in 1953 titled, Salazar's concordat outlived him and outlived the, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMenezes2011 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMenezes2009 (, Robert O. Paxton, "The five stages of fascism. The number of refugees who escaped through Portugal during the war has been estimated to range from a few hundred thousand to one million, large numbers considering the size of the country's population of about 6 million at that time. Salazar spent five days in Lisbon. After the Second Vatican Council, a large number of Catholics became active in the democratic opposition. In February 2009 though, there were anonymous witnesses who admitted, after some investigation into Salazar's best-kept secrets, that he had fallen in a bath instead of from a chair. He went on to observe that Salazar "crushed Portuguese fascism after he had copied some of its techniques of popular mobilization."[56]. [86], On 26 June 1940, four days after France's capitulation to Germany, Salazar authorised the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS-HICEM) in Paris to transfer its main office to Lisbon. Eventually, India launched Operation Vijay in December 1961 to evict Portugal from Goa, Daman and Diu. "[10], The principal reason for the neutrality of Portugal in World War II was strategic, and within the compass of the overall objectives of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. He has balanced the budget, built roads and schools, torn down slums, cut the death rate and enormously raised Portuguese self-esteem. The new law outraged the republicans, triggered a cabinet crisis, and Figueiredo threatened to resign. It was effectively limited to a single day in Fátima, not Lisbon, and the pope made use of Monte Real Air Base instead of Lisbon airport, which would have given a far more official nature to the pilgrimage. "[140] However in a 2018 retrospective Gallagher argues that Salazar focused Portugal on the conservative values of family, local community and the Catholic faith. Salazar was, in effect, the dictator of Portugal, but he preferred a passive public and a limited state where social power remained in the hands of the Church, the army, and the big landowners. Os Censos e as Estatísticas (Lisboa, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian), Os Grandes Portugueses: Prof. Dr. António de Oliveira Salazar, in RTP, Eric Solsten, ed. Salazar presented his written resignation to the prime minister saying, "Your Excellency knows that I never asked for anything that might improve the legal status of Catholics". With Portugal under the threat of an imminent financial collapse, Salazar finally agreed to become its 81st Finance Minister on 26 April 1928 after the republican and Freemason Óscar Carmona was elected president. Internally, the regime had to face a monarchist revolt in 1935, a threatened leftist coup in 1936 and several bombs and conspiracies in 1936 and 1937, including an attempt to assassinate Salazar in 1937. In the 1960s, armed revolutionary movements and scattered guerrilla activity reached Mozambique, Angola, and Portuguese Guinea. [32] Conservative Catholics were Salazar's earliest and most loyal supporters, whereas conservative republicans who could not be co-opted became his most dangerous opponents during the early period. Salazar supported Francisco Franco and the Nationalists in their war against the Second Republic forces, as well as the anarchists and the communists. Salazar was conferred with the following academic distinctions. Rather, he appeared a modest, quiet, and highly intelligent gentleman and scholar...literally dragged from a professorial chair of political economy in the venerable University of Coimbra a dozen years previously in order to straighten out Portugal's finances, and that his almost miraculous success in this respect had led to the thrusting upon him of other major functions, including those of Foreign Minister and constitution-maker. The clergy were subject to military service, but in the form of pastoral care to the armed forces and, in time of war, also to the medical units. Every government functionary was forced to declare that he repudiated communism. Varzim's newspaper, O Trabalhador (The Worker), was closed in 1948. Portuguese foreign trade increased by 52% in exports and 40% in imports. He had favoured the Spanish nationalist cause out of fear of a communist invasion of Portugal, yet he was uneasy at the prospect of a Spanish government bolstered by strong ties with the Axis powers. Between 1920 and 1925, according to official police figures, 325 bombs burst in the streets of Lisbon. The regime started to organise itself around a broad coalition, the Movement of Democratic Unity (MUD), which ranged from ultra-Catholics and fringe elements of the extreme right to the Portuguese Communist Party. It is cheap and simple, perhaps with similarities to sponge cake. The crews of two naval Portuguese vessels, The NRP Afonso de Albuquerque and the Dão, mutinied. Of the colonies remaining to Portugal at the end of World War II, Goa was the first to be lost (in 1961). ", Hamann, Kerstin, and Paul Christopher Manuel. Stevenson further accused India of violation of one of the most basic principles of the U.N. Charter, stated in Article 2. Under Salazar's supervision, Teotónio Pereira, the Sub-Secretary of State of Corporations and Social Welfare, reporting directly to Salazar, enacted extensive legislation that shaped the corporatist structure and initiated a comprehensive social welfare system. The Estado Novo collapsed during the Carnation Revolution of 1974, four years after Salazar's death. [42][45] A draft had been published one year before, and the public was invited to state any objections in the press. [62] In April 1938, Pereira officially become a full-rank Portuguese ambassador to Spain, and he remained in this post throughout World War II. [45] These tended to stay in the realm of generalities and only a handful of people, less than 6,000, voted against the new constitution. Delgado was expelled from the Portuguese military and took refuge in the Brazilian embassy before going into exile. Siding with the Axis would have brought Portugal into conflict with Britain, likely resulting in the loss of its colonies, while siding with the Allies risked the security of the home country on the mainland. Life added that ruling Portugal was difficult and explained how Salazar "found a country in chaos and poverty" and then reformed it. In 1950, the Horthy family managed to find a home in Portugal, thanks to Miklós Jr.'s contacts with Portuguese diplomats in Switzerland. He never claimed the superiority of a pure Portuguese stock. [157], He also received several other similar distinctions from countries including France, Germany, Belgium, Poland, Romania and Spain.[159]. They were granted enough symbolic concessions for Salazar to win over the moderates, but the rest were repressed by the political police. In 2007 werd hij in elk geval met maar liefst 40 procent van de stemmen verkozen tot grootste Portugees aller tijden. Salazar ordered the ships to be destroyed by gunfire. [23] At the time, the prevailing view in Portugal was that political parties were elements of division and that parliamentarianism was in crisis. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Botelho Moniz ended up being removed from his government position. He found a country in chaos and poverty. I regard him as an extraordinary personality for his intelligence, his political sense and his humility. [97] Official figures credited Delgado with one-fourth of the votes, in total approximately a million–well behind Tomás. This plan included fines for parents who did not comply, and these were strictly enforced. [126], In July 1929, with Salazar acting as minister of finance, the government revoked a law that had facilitated the organisation of religious processions. His true policy had been revealed six years earlier when he stated categorically, 'I consider more urgent the creation of elites than the necessity to teach people how to read'. A trained economist, Salazar entered public life as finance minister with the support of President Óscar Carmona after the Portuguese coup d'état of 28 May 1926. [5] The National Union became an ancillary body, not a source of political power. [73] [1] Within one year, armed with special powers, Salazar balanced the budget and stabilized Portugal's currency. Their right to vote had not been obtained during the First Republic, despite feminist efforts, and even in the referendum vote, secondary education was a requirement for female voters, whereas males only needed to be able to read and write. He wanted to avoid the divisiveness of the First Republic, and he knew that a significant part of the political elite was still anti-clerical. Salazar was the financial czar virtually from the day he took office. Prime Minister José Vicente de Freitas, who took issue with Carmona's policies, left the cabinet. Much of his banishment was spent in Brazil and later in Algeria, as a guest of Ahmed Ben Bella. His first incursions into Portuguese politics as a member of the cabinet were during the Ditadura Nacional, when Portugal's public finances and the economy in general were in a critical state, with an imminent threat of default since at least the 1890s. Rather, he appeared a modest, quiet, and highly intelligent gentleman and scholar (…) literally dragged from a professorial chair of political economy in the venerable University of Coimbra a dozen years previously in order to straighten out Portugal's finances, and that his almost miraculous success in this respect had led to the thrusting upon him of other major functions, including those of Foreign Minister and constitution-maker. It never reached the market due to the owner's economic troubles. Galvão's courageous report eventually led to his downfall, and in 1952, he was arrested for subversive activities. [40] The parallel Corporative Chamber included representatives of municipalities, religious, cultural and professional groups and of the official workers' syndicates that replaced free trade unions. On the other hand, Valerian Zorin, the Soviet Ambassador to the United Nations, maintained that the Goan question was wholly within India's domestic jurisdiction and could not be considered by the Security Council. Carmona went personally to the hospital on the 4th and asked Salazar to change his mind. He made it clear when he declared, "The State will abstain from dealing in politics with the Church and feels sure that the Church will refrain from any political action. From the very start, he made every effort to remove any political significance from his visit. The Catholic religion and morality were to be taught in public schools unless parents had requested the contrary. [136], The Portuguese literary historian António José Saraiva, a communist and a fierce lifelong political opponent of Salazar, claimed that one who reads Salazar's Speeches and Notes is overwhelmed by the clarity and conciseness of style, the most perfect and captivating doctrinal prose that exists in Portuguese, underscored by a powerful emotional rhythm. His only defect is probably his modesty. Professeur d'économie de l'université de Coimbra, il est surtout connu comme président du Conseil des ministres du Portugal de 1932 à 1968, inspirateur et figure centrale du régime autoritaire2 connu sous le nom d'Estado Novo. "Slander, Ideological Differences, or Academic Debate? "[20][a], Sir Samuel Hoare, the British Ambassador in Spain, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping the Iberian peninsula neutral during World War II, and lauded him. [40], The corporatist state had some similarities to Benito Mussolini's Italian fascism, but considerable differences in its moral approach to governing. Saraiva says it is written with the clarity of the great prose of the 17th century, cleansed of all the distractions and sloppiness that often obscures the prose of the Portuguese scholars.[137][138][139]. Hayes wrote that Salazar 'didn't look like a regular dictator. The Spanish Civil War, which began in July 1936, was the ostensible reason for the radicalisation of the regime. With an Indian military operation imminent, Salazar ordered Governor General Manuel Vassalo e Silva to fight to the last man and adopt a scorched earth policy. He graduated from there in law in 1914 and became a professor specializing in economics at Coimbra. "[75] Sir Samuel Hoare, the British Ambassador in Madrid from 1940 to 1944, recognised Salazar's crucial role in keeping Iberia neutral during World War II, and lauded him for it.
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